Friday, August 28, 2015
A letter by Abraham Lincoln to his son's Teacher
Every father wants his child to get the best education so that the child may
one day grow up to be a successful person.
But them, everybody has his own
perception of success.
In this letter to his son’s teacher,
Abraham Lincoln requests him to inculcate
in his boy the qualities that he feels
would be the best.
Read the letter and decide if you agree with Lincoln?
Dear Teacher,
HE WILL have to learn,
I know, that all men are
not just, all men are not true.
But teach him also that
for every scoundrel there
is a hero;
that for every selfish politician, there is a dedicated leader.
Teach him that for every enemy there is a friend.
It will take time, I know; but teach him, if you can, that a dollar earned is of far more value
than five pound. Teach him to learn to
lose and also to enjoy winning.
Steer him away from envy’ if you can, teach him the
secret of quiet laughter.
Let him learn early that the bullies are the
easiest to lick.
Teach him, if you can, the wonder
of books. But also give him quiet time to
ponder the eternal mystery of birds
in the sky, bees in the sun, and flowers
on a green hillside.
In school, teach him it is far more honorable to fall than to cheat.
Teach him to have faith
in his own ideas, even if everyone tells him they are wrong.
Teach him to be gentle with the gentle, and tough with
the tough.
Try to give my son the strength not to follow the crowd when everyone is getting on the
bandwagon.
Teach him to listen to all men; but teach him also to filter all
that he hears on a screen of
truth, and take only the good that comes through.
Teach him, if you can, how
to laugh when he is sad. Teach him there is no shame in tears.
Teach him to scoff at cynics and to beware of too much sweetness.
Teach him to sell his brawn and brain to the
highest bidders, but never to put a price tag on his
heart and soul.
Teach him to close his ears to a howling mob and to stand and fight if he thinks he is right.
Treat him gently, but do not cuddle
him, because only the test of fire makes fine steel.
Let him have the courage to be
impatient; let him have the patience to be brave.
Teach him always to have
sublime faith in himself, because then he will always have sublime faith in
mankind.
This is
a big order, but see what you can do. He is such a fine
little fellow, my son!
Wednesday, August 26, 2015
A famous speech by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
MY VISION FOR INDIA- A
speech by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
On
national days such as the Republic Day and the Independence Day, you must have
heard
the speeches made by our leaders. These speeches inform us about the progress
of
the
nation. They also tell us about some new initiatives which the government plans
to take
for
the continuous development of the nation. Do you feel inspired and enthusiastic
when
you
hear such speeches? Do they make you feel that you too should contribute a bit
and
make
India one of the best nations in the world?
Let
us listen the speech delivered by our former President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
and
know what his vision for India was. [Speech recited by Akash
Chaudhary of Vidyagyan school]
I have three visions for India.
In 3000 years
of our history people from all over the world have come and invaded us, captured our lands,
conquered our minds.
From Alexander onwards the Greeks, the Turks, the Moguls, the Portuguese,
the British, the French, the Dutch, all of them came and looted us, took over what was
ours.
Yet we have not done this to any other nation.
We have not conquered anyone. We have not grabbed their land, their culture and their history and tried to enforce our way of life on them. Why?
Because we respect the freedom of others.
That is why my FIRST VISION is that of FREEDOM.
I believe that
India got its first vision of this in 1857,
when we started the war of Independence. It is this freedom that we must protect and nurture and build on. If
we are not free, no one will respect us.
We have 10 percent growth rate in most areas.
Our poverty levels are falling.
Our achievements
are being globally recognised today.
Yet we lack the self-confidence
to see ourselves as a developed nation, self-reliant and self-assured.
Isn’t this
incorrect?
MY SECOND VISION for India is DEVELOPMENT.
For fifty years we have been a developing
nation.
It is time we see ourselves as a developed
nation.
We are among top five nations in the world in
terms of GDP.
I have a THIRD VISION.
India must
stand up to the world. Because I believe that unless India stands up to the
world, no one will respect us.
Only strength respects strength.
We must be
strong not only as a military power
but also as an economic power.
Both must go hand-in-hand.
My good
fortune was to have worked with three great minds.
Dr.Vikram
Sarabhai, of the Dept. of Space,
Professor
Satish Dhawan, who succeeded him
and Dr.
Brahm Prakash, father of nuclear material.
I was lucky to
have worked with all three of them closely and consider this the great
opportunity of my life.
I was in
Hyderabad giving this lecture, when a 14 year-old girl asked me for my
autograph.
I asked her what her goal in life is.
She replied: I want to live in a developed India.
For her, you and I will have to build this
developed India. You must proclaim India is not an underdeveloped nation; it is
a highly developed nation.
You say that
our government is inefficient.
You say that our laws are too old.
You say that the
municipality does not pick up the garbage.
You say that
the phones don’t work,
The railways
are a joke,
The airline is the worst in the world,and
Mails
never reach their destination.
You say that
our country has been fed to the dogs and is the absolute pits.
You say, say and say.
What do you do about it?
Dear Indians,
I am echoing J.F.Kennedy’s words to his fellow Americans to relate to
Indians …….
“ASK WHAT WE CAN DO FOR INDIA AND
DO WHAT HAS TO BE DONE TO MAKE INDIA WHAT AMERICA AND OTHER WESTERN COUNTRIES
ARE TODAY.”
Worksheet on Radicals (Cations and Anions)
Worksheet
on radicals [Cations and Anions]
Name……………………………………………..Class/Sec……………………….…Date………………….
|
Cations/ Basic radicals
Monovalent cations
|
Bivalent
cations
|
Monoatomic Cations
H+ hydrogen
Li+ lithium
Na+ sodium
K+
potassium
Rb+ rubidium
Cs+
cesium
Ag+ silver
Cu+ copper(I)
or cuprous
Hg22+ mercury(I)
or mercurous
Au+ gold(I)
or aurous
Polyatomic Cations
NH4+ ammonium
H3O+ hydronium
|
Mg2+ magnesium
Ca2+
calcium
Sr2+
strontium
Ba2+ barium
Zn2+ zinc
Cd2+ cadmium
Be2+ beryllium
ion
Cu2+ copper(II)
or cupric
Fe2+ iron(II)
or ferrous
Sn2+ tin(II)
or
stannous
Mn2+ manganese(II) or manganous
Hg2+ mercury(II) or
mercuric
Pb2+ lead(II) or
plumbous
Cr2+ chromium(II) or chromous
|
Trivalent
cations
|
Tetravalent
cations
|
Al3+ aluminum
Fe3+ iron(III) or ferric
Cr3+ chromium(III) or chromic
Mn3+ manganese(III) or manganic
Co3+ cobalt(III) or cobaltic
Au3+ gold(III) or auric
|
Sn4+ tin(IV) or
stannic
Pb4+ lead(IV) or plumbic
|
Anions /Acidic
radicals
Monovalent anions
|
Bivalent anions
|
H- hydride F- fluoride Cl- chloride Br- bromide I- iodide
OH- hydroxide
CN- cyanide
O22- peroxide
NO2- nitrite NO3- nitrate
ClO2- chlorite
ClO3- chlorate IO3¯ iodate
BrO3¯ bromate
CH3COO-
or C2H3O2- acetate
MnO4- permanganate
CHO2- formate
or HCOO-1
HCO3-
hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonate
HSO3- hydrogen sulphite
or bisulphite
HSO4- hydrogen
sulphate or bisulphate
H2PO4- dihydrogen phosphate
|
O2- oxide
S2-
sulphide
CO3 2-
carbonate
C2O42- oxalate
SO32- sulphite
SO42- sulphate
CrO42-
chromate
Cr2O72- dichromate
HPO4 2- hydrogen
phosphate
|
Triivalent anions
|
Tetravalent anions
|
N3- nitride
P3- phosphide
PO33- phosphite
PO43- phosphate
|
C4- (C22-) carbide
[Fe(CN)6]-4
|
Metals
with more than one ion
Element
|
Ion
|
Stock
system
|
Classical (ous,
ic)
System
|
Chromium
|
Cr2+
Cr3+
|
chromium(II)
chromium(III)
|
chromous
chromic
|
Cobalt
|
Co2+
Co3+
|
cobalt(II)
cobalt(III)
|
cobaltous
cobaltic
|
Copper
|
Cu+
Cu2+
|
copper(I)
copper(II)
|
cuprous
cupric
|
Iron
|
Fe2+
Fe3+
|
iron(II)
iron(III)
|
ferrous
ferric
|
Lead
|
Pb2+
Pb4+
|
+ lead(II)
lead(IV)
|
plumbous
plumbic
|
Manganese
|
Mn+2
Mn4+
Mn3+
Mn5+
Mn6+
Mn7+
|
manganese(II)
manganese(IV)
manganese(III)
manganese(IV)
manganese(VI)
manganese(VII)
|
Manganous
manganic
-
[Not
possible]
-
[Not possible]
-
[Not possible]
-
[Not possible]
|
Mercury
|
Hg22+
Hg2+
|
mercury(I)
mercury(II)
|
Mercurous
mercuric
|
Tin
|
Sn2+
Sn4+
|
tin(II)
tin(IV)
|
Stannous
stannic
|
Gold
|
Au+
Au3+
|
gold(I)
gold(III)
|
Aurous
auric
|
·
Prefixes Used to
Indicate Number in a Name Involving Two Non-Metals
mono– 1 hexa– 6
di– 2
hepta– 7
tri– 3
octa– 8
tetra– 4
nona– 9
penta– 5 deca–
10
·
These prefixes are
used in naming binary compounds involving two non–metals. Example include P2O5, Cl2O, NO, N2O,
NO2, N2O5, PCl3, PCl5, SO2, SO3, SiO2.
·
Sometimes metal
ions are involved in a Greek prefix name, but these are less common. Examples
include UF6, SbCl3,
SbCl5, OsO4, BiCl3.
·
CO is carbon
monoxide, NOT carbon monooxide. As4O6 is tetrarsenic
hexoxide, NOTtetraarsenic hexaoxide.
·
Acid Names – add
the word acid to each name when saying or writing.
·
Name when a pure compound Name when dissolved in water
HF hydrofluoric
acid hydrogen fluoride HNO3 nitric acid
HCl hydrochloric acid hydrogen chloride HNO2 nitrous acid
HBr hydrobromic acid hydrogen bromide
H2SO4 sulfuric acid
HI hydroiodic acid hydrogen iodide H2SO3 sulfurous acid
HCN hydrocyanic acid hydrogen cyanide H3PO4 phosphoric acid
H2S hydrosulfuic
acid hydrogen sulphide H2CO3 carbonic acid
Acetic acid CH3COOH)
What are the Latin Names of
Elements?
Scientists have adopted certain conventions regarding the
chemical symbols for various elements. The symbol is the short form or
abbreviated name of the element. Each element has a chemical symbol that is
unique to it. An atom of an element is denoted by this symbol. For example, the
symbol for Carbon is C.
Many elements have their symbol derived from either the
first letter [e.g., H for Hydrogen] or the first two letters [e.g., He for
Helium] of their names. A few elements have symbols derived from their Latin
names as given in the table below.
Element
|
Symbol
|
Latin Name
|
Antimony
|
Sb
|
Stibium
|
Copper
|
Cu
|
Cuprum
|
Gold
|
Au
|
Aurum
|
Iron
|
Fe
|
Ferrum
|
Lead
|
Pb
|
Plumbum
|
Mercury
|
Hg
|
Hydragyrum
|
Potassium
|
K
|
Kalium
|
Silver
|
Ag
|
Argentum
|
Sodium
|
Na
|
Natrium
|
Tin
|
Sn
|
Stannum
|
Tungsten
|
W
|
Wolfram[German name]
|
Ionic Compound Formula Writing Worksheet
QUESTION-1
Write chemical formulas for the
compounds in each box. The names are
found by finding the intersection between the cations and anions. Example:
The first box is the intersection between the “zinc” cation and the
“chloride” anion, so you should write “ZnCl2”, as shown.
zinc
|
iron (II)
|
iron (III)
|
Calcium
|
silver
|
lead
(IV)
|
|
chloride
|
ZnCl2
|
|||||
acetate
|
||||||
nitrate
|
||||||
oxide
|
||||||
nitride
|
||||||
sulphate
|
QUESTION-2
Write the formulas for the following
compounds:
1) copper (II) chloride
_____________________2) lithium
acetate _______________________
3) Ammonium nitrate______________ 4) manganese
(IV) nitride _________________
5) Magnesium oxide _____________ 6) sodium
sulphate ________________________
7) aluminum bromide _______________ 8) potassium
permanganate __________________
9) Potassium cyanide ________________ 10) tin
(II) sulphite ______________________
11) Barium fluoride _________________ 12) ammonium
nitrite ___________________
Question 3
Give the name
or formula of the following ionic compounds:
1) Na2CO3 ____________________
2) NaOH ______________________
3) MgBr2 ______________________
4) KCl ________________________
5) FeCl2 _______________________
6) FeCl3 _______________________
7) Zn(OH)2
_____________________
8) Be2SO4 _____________________
9) CrF2 ________________________
10) Al2S3 _______________________
11) PbO
________________________
12) Li3PO4 ______________________
13) CaS _________________________
14) Ca3N2
______________________
|
15) Mg3P2
______________________
16) Mg(NO2)3
____________________
17) Ag2SO3 ______________________
18) NH4OH
______________________
19) Al(CN)3 ____________________
20) Ca(CH3COO)2
________________
21) sodium phosphide _____________
22) magnesium nitrate _____________
23) lead (II) sulphite ___________
24) calcium phosphate _____________
25) ammonium sulphate _____________
26) silver cyanide _________________
27) aluminum sulphide
____________
28) beryllium chloride ______________
|
29) copper (I) arsenide _____________
30) iron (III) oxide _________________
31) Ferric nitride _________________
32) iron (II) bromide
_______________
33) Barium phosphate
________
34) calcium oxide _________________
35) magnesium acetate
____________
36) aluminum sulphate
______________
|
37) copper (I) carbonate ____________
38) barium oxide __________________
39) ammonium sulphite____________
40) silver bromide _________________
|
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